Supaveda · Ingredient Spotlight
Gotu Kola
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Also known as: Mandukaparni (Ayurveda) · Brahmi (Unani) · Asiatic Pennywort · Tiger Grass
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is one of Ayurveda's most ancient and revered herbs — described for millennia as a Medhya Rasayana, a herb that simultaneously nourishes the mind, rejuvenates the body, and promotes longevity. Modern science is now beginning to catch up with what traditional healers long understood.
A perennial creeping herb found across the tropical regions of South and South-East Asia, India, South Africa, and South America, C. asiatica is recognised in Ayurvedic medicine as Mandukaparni (meaning "frog-leaf" — a nod to its kidney-shaped leaves), and in Unani medicine as Brahmi or "brain food". 1 It sits at the intersection of traditional and modern medicine, having been used in India since ancient times as an adaptogen to enhance cognitive function, reduce anxiety, promote wound healing, and support vascular health. 2
At a Glance — Key Evidence-Backed Benefits
Traditional Ayurvedic Uses
Gotu Kola occupies a unique position in Ayurvedic medicine as one of the few herbs classified as a Medhya Rasayana — a rejuvenative tonic specifically for the mind and nervous system. The Charaka Samhita describes Mandukaparni as an herb that enhances intelligence, memory, and voice while prolonging life, and it appears throughout classical texts as a cornerstone herb for neurological, dermatological, and circulatory conditions. 23
Ayurvedic Properties (Guna)
Traditional Conditions & Uses
- Enhancing memory, intelligence, and mental clarity (Medhya use)
- Calming anxiety, nervous exhaustion, and stress
- Wound healing, skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis, varicose ulcers, and leprosy
- Fever and diarrhoea (antipyretic use — listed on Thailand's National Essential Medicines List) 5
- Venous insufficiency and chronic swelling of the lower limbs
- Promoting longevity and vitality as a general Rasayana (rejuvenative)
- Female genitourinary conditions and menstrual disorders
How It Was Traditionally Administered
Gotu Kola leaves were taken fresh as a juice (swarasa), powdered and mixed with warm milk or ghee, or decocted in water. A paste of the fresh leaves was applied directly to wounds, ulcers, and skin conditions. Medicated oils and ghee preparations (taila and ghrita) were prepared for neurological and skin use. It was also eaten as a salad vegetable across South-East Asia — a tradition that continues today, particularly in Sri Lanka, where it is known as gotukola and consumed daily.
Key Active Compounds
The pharmacological activities of C. asiatica are primarily attributed to its pentacyclic triterpenes — a group of four closely related compounds that work synergistically and are often quantified together as the "centelloid" content of an extract. 56
Primary Bioactive Triterpenes
Additional bioactive constituents include brahmoside and brahminoside (potentially responsible for CNS and smooth muscle effects), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), phenolic acids, and volatile oils. 3 The plant is also nutrient-rich — leaves contain vitamins B1, B2, B6, C, and K, alongside minerals including calcium, magnesium, and zinc.
What the Research Says
A growing body of peer-reviewed literature — spanning systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials — supports several of the traditional uses of C. asiatica. The evidence is strongest for wound healing and vascular health; research on cognition and anxiety, while promising, requires more large-scale human trials. 48
A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis published in Scientific Reports (Nature) examined 11 RCTs of C. asiatica on cognitive function and mood. While meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference across standard cognitive domains compared to placebo, it did identify a meaningful improvement in mood — specifically a significant increase in alertness scores [SMD: 0.71 (95% CI; 0.01 to 1.41)] and decrease in anger scores [SMD: −0.81] at one hour after treatment. No adverse effects were reported across any of the included studies. 5 Preclinically, C. asiatica has been shown to enhance neuroplasticity, upregulate BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and protect against β-amyloid formation — all mechanistically relevant to cognitive support and neurodegeneration. 79
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that C. asiatica extract significantly reduced the acoustic startle response — a validated measure of anxiety — in healthy volunteers. 10 Clinical studies have also confirmed an effect of C. asiatica against generalised anxiety disorder, though the level of evidence remains low and studies were conducted in small sample sizes. 4 The proposed mechanism involves modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis — the body's central stress response system — as well as possible interaction with cholecystokinin (CCK) pathways implicated in fear and anxiety. 3 Preclinical studies have also demonstrated anti-stress, antidepressant, and anti-seizure properties. 5
Wound healing is the area with the strongest clinical evidence for C. asiatica. A 2022 systematic review published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (University of Greenwich / HCA London Bridge Hospital) reviewed all RCTs meeting inclusion criteria and identified consistent benefits across wound contraction, granulation, re-epithelialisation, and visual scar scores — notably with 100% of included studies showing low risk of bias for randomisation and allocation concealment. 6 The mechanism is well-characterised: asiaticoside and madecassoside stimulate collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, modulate inflammatory cytokines, and promote cell proliferation and migration at the wound site. 18 A 21-day prospective RCT found that C. asiatica extract effectively promoted wound healing in diabetic patients without serious side effects. 4
C. asiatica has a well-documented history of clinical use for venous insufficiency. The total triterpenoid fraction of C. asiatica (TTFCA) has been studied in multiple clinical trials for venous hypertension, where it significantly reduced capillary filtration, improved microcirculation, and reduced ankle swelling compared to placebo. 3 Centelloside and its derivatives are regarded as effective in treatment of venous hypertension. The herb has also been explored for improving endothelial function — the health of the cells lining blood vessels — which is a key factor in cardiovascular disease prevention. Preclinically, asiatic acid has shown therapeutic potential against atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. 4
A comprehensive 2025 review of neuroprotective properties published in PMC synthesises evidence showing that C. asiatica and its constituents can mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis — mechanisms underlying a range of neurological conditions. 9 In epilepsy models, asiatic acid suppresses glutamate release and improves synaptic function. In neurodegenerative disease models, C. asiatica extracts enhance memory by activating antioxidant response pathways and protecting hippocampal mitochondria. Some key bioactive components have demonstrated capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, making them of significant interest for CNS drug development. 9 A 2021 review in Frontiers in Pharmacology further highlighted mitoprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models. 7
C. asiatica demonstrates broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through multiple pathways. Its triterpenoids inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production, reduce phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, and scavenge free radicals. 5 These anti-inflammatory mechanisms contribute to its clinical effects in wound healing, skin conditions, and vascular health. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) — the enzyme that breaks down the memory neurotransmitter acetylcholine — is an additional mechanism of particular relevance to cognitive health and has been confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo studies. 59
Traditional Use & Modern Dosage
Gotu Kola is one of the more versatile herbs in Ayurveda, used both as a food ingredient and a medicine. Below are the established traditional forms alongside their modern equivalents and typical dosage ranges for adults.
| Form | Traditional Preparation | Typical Dose (Adult) |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh Juice (Swarasa) | Leaves blended and pressed; traditional daily use across Sri Lanka & India | 10–20 ml once or twice daily |
| Powder (Churna) | Dried leaf or whole herb ground; mixed with warm milk, ghee or honey | 1–4 g/day in divided doses |
| Decoction (Kwath) | 1 tsp dried herb boiled in 2 cups water until halved; strained | 20–40 ml twice daily |
| Capsules / Tablets | Standardised extract (often 8–10% triterpenes) or whole herb powder | 250–500 mg twice daily (standardised); follow product guidance |
| Medicated Ghee (Ghrita) | Herb cooked into ghee; classical preparation for neurological & cognitive use | 1–2 tsp daily, typically in warm milk |
| Topical Paste / Oil | Fresh leaf paste or herb-infused oil applied directly to skin or wounds | Apply 1–3× daily to affected area |
For cognitive and nervous system support, Gotu Kola is traditionally taken with warm cow's milk and a pinch of black pepper in the morning on an empty stomach — black pepper is thought to improve absorption of the triterpenes. Cycles of 4–6 weeks followed by a rest period are typically recommended for internal use.
Supaveda Products with Gotu Kola
If you'd like to experience the benefits of Gotu Kola in a carefully formulated Ayurvedic blend, we've incorporated it into the following product:
Supamind brings together Gotu Kola alongside a synergistic blend of time-honoured Ayurvedic herbs chosen specifically to support mental clarity, focus, and a calm, balanced mind. Formulated with the same commitment to quality and traceability that runs through everything we do at Supaveda.
Safety & Precautions
C. asiatica has a well-established safety profile. None of the studies included in the 2017 meta-analysis of 11 RCTs reported adverse effects of C. asiatica. 5 The following precautions apply:
Please note
- High topical doses of asiaticoside have caused excessive keratinisation (thickening) at the application site in animal studies; some reports note possible allergic dermatitis — discontinue if skin irritation occurs 4
- Potential drug interactions require investigation — studies to evaluate herb-drug interactions are still needed before concurrent use with CNS medications 3
- Pregnancy & breastfeeding: isothankuniside and thankuniside in crude extracts showed antifertility action in mice — use only under professional guidance during pregnancy 3
- Sedative and CNS-depressant effects have been demonstrated preclinically; caution with concurrent sedative medication
- As with all Ayurvedic herbs, quality and standardisation of extracts vary — look for products specifying % centelloside or triterpene content
Key Takeaways
These are evidence-backed bullet points:
Used as a "brain tonic" in Ayurveda for over 3,000 years — known as Mandukaparni or "brain food"
RCT meta-analysis: Gotu Kola significantly increased alertness and reduced anger scores within 1 hour
Clinical trials confirm faster wound healing — improves collagen synthesis, re-epithelialisation, and scar appearance
Key compounds cross the blood-brain barrier — studied for potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models
Contains 4 powerful triterpenes: asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid & madecassic acid
Clinically used in Europe for venous insufficiency — improves microcirculation and reduces leg swelling
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that breaks down your memory neurotransmitter) — studied as a natural AChE inhibitor
Tridoshic in Ayurveda — uniquely balances all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha)
Protects hippocampal mitochondria from oxidative stress — studied for age-related cognitive decline
Excellent safety record across 11 RCTs — no adverse effects reported in meta-analysis
References
- Witkowska, K., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Garbiec, E. and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024) 'Topical Application of Centella asiatica in Wound Healing: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Efficacy', Pharmaceutics, 16(10), p.1252. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16101252. PMC11510310.
- Gohil, K.J., Patel, J.A. and Gajjar, A.K. (2010) 'Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72(5), pp.546–556. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78519. PMC3116297.
- Brinkhaus, B., Lindner, M., Schuppan, D. and Hahn, E.G. (2000) 'Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant Centella asiatica', Phytomedicine, 7(6), pp.427–448. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80065-3.
- Liu, M., Dai, Y., Li, Y., Luo, Y., Huang, F., Gong, Z. and Meng, Q. (2017) 'Therapeutic Potential of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8 (2017 review; doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.568032 for updated version).
- Puttarak, P., Dilokthornsakul, P., Saokaew, S., Dhippayom, T., Kongkaew, C., Sruamsiri, R., Chuthaputti, A. and Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2017) 'Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis', Scientific Reports, 7, p.10646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9.
- Arribas-López, E., Zand, N., Ojo, O., Snowden, M.J. and Kochhar, T. (2022) 'A Systematic Review of the Effect of Centella asiatica on Wound Healing', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), p.3266. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063266.
- Wong, J.H., Barron, A.M. and Abdullah, J.M. (2021) 'Mitoprotective Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.: Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Disease', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, p.687935. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687935.
- Diniz, L.R.L., Calado, L.L., Duarte, A.B.S. and de Sousa, D.P. (2023) 'Centella asiatica and Its Metabolite Asiatic Acid: Wound Healing Effects and Therapeutic Potential', Metabolites, 13(2), p.276. doi: 10.3390/metabo13020276. PMC9966672.
- Review of neuroprotective properties of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and its therapeutic effects (2025). PMC, PMC12427517. Synthesises evidence on CA's pharmacokinetics, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and therapeutic potential in neurological disorders.
- Bradwejn, J., Zhou, Y., Koszycki, D. and Shlik, J. (2000) 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects', Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(6), pp.680–684. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200012000-00015.
- Biswas, D., Mandal, S., Chatterjee Saha, S., Tudu, C.K., Nandy, S., Batiha, G.E., Shekhawat, M.S., Pandey, D.K. and Dey, A. (2021) 'Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 35(12), pp.6624–6654. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7216.